United States Penitentiary

Leavenworth, Kans. Opened 1895 Capacity: 1,595 Inmates: 1,351 males

There is only one direction in which the prisoner can evolve--that of increasing artfulness. In the hothouse atmosphere of his social environment he cannot escape this fateful transformation of his character. He feels his claws growing, a furtive and dejected, an impudent and servile look creeps into his eyes. His lips become thin, sharp, Jesuitical, his nose pinched and sharp, his nostrils dilated and bloodless; his knees sag, his arms grow long, and dangle gorilla-like. Those who uphold the Theory of Race and deny the influence of environment on the development of the human being should spend a year in prison and observe themselves daily in a mirror.

--Arthur Koestler, Dialogue with Death

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