Mudd's Monument

At 4 o'clock on a cloudy April morning two horsemen clattered up to the country home of Dr. Samuel Alexander Mudd in Charles County, Md., 30 mi. southeast of Washington. One's face was tight with pain and his left leg, booted and spurred, hung limp from the stirrup. The other, a chinless, watery-eyed youth, helped his companion dismount, hobble into the house. Dr. Mudd received them in his nightshirt. A kindly, cultured young physician, he was already well established in his country practice, well-liked and well-to-do. He set the hurt man's broken leg, put him to bed. At 2 o'clock that afternoon, despite the physician's protests, the strangers rode away. Short time later Dr. Mudd heard the awful news of President Lincoln's assassination. . . .

In 1846 the U. S. launched its victorious, land-grabbing war with Mexico. Feeling its imperial oats, the young nation decided to build a magnificent fortress, a Gibraltar of America. Chosen as a good site was a desolate coral reef 65 mi. off Key West in the Gulf of Mexico. The reef, named Dry Tortugas by Ponce de Leon because it swarmed with turtles, consisted of ten keys-strung ten miles east & west. With tremendous enthusiasm and at tremendous cost the Government began to transport plaster, mortar, bricks from the North. Slowly on 25-acre Garden Key rose Fort Jefferson--barracks for six companies, 18 sets of officers' quarters, a hospital, a chapel--all surrounded by a huge wall jutting with bastions. It was a sight to swell every U. S. heart. But as time passed its Army builders began to ask: What use was the fortress? Finding no answer, they quietly left the great pile unmanned and unarmed, went about other business.

When the Civil War came, Congress spent $500.000 to garrison Fort Jefferson with 500 troops, more than 100 guns. For four years it stood stanch against the chance that the Confederacy might somehow build a strong navy or conclude an alliance with a potent naval power. Meantime time it served as a Federal penitentiary. At one time its shark-filled moat encircled more than 1,000 prisoners. In July 1865 it received, with a sentence of life imprisonment, Dr. Samuel Alexander Mudd of Maryland.

Twice the year before had Dr. Mudd talked briefly with John Wilkes Booth. But on the early morning of April 15, 1865 the actor-assassin, fresh from the Presidential box at Ford's Theatre, went to him in disguise under a false name, played his part so well that the country doctor never suspected his identity. Not until he heard the circumstances of Lincoln's death did Dr. Mudd grow suspicious, notify the authorities. For this service he was arrested as a conspirator. The whole land cried for quick, blind revenge. Booth might or might not have burned in the barn below Fredericksburg, Va. but Dr. Mudd and seven other persons accused of aiding the assassin were in jail. Hauled before Secretary of War Stanton's Military Commission, the eight were summarily divided--four for Death, three for life imprisonment, one for six years.

Best-hated prisoner at Fort Jefferson among the Northern officers in command was Dr. Mudd. Made a hospital orderly, he endured for a few weeks the knowledge of his innocence, of his family's ruin and disgrace, the contempt of his Negro guards. Then he tried to escape. After that he put in twelve hours per day at hard labor under a broiling sun, his legs weighted with heavy irons. The other twelve hours he spent chained hand & foot in a small, solitary dungeon, wet, hot, swarming with mosquitoes and vermin. His legs and arms swelled up and his hair fell out.

In August 1867 a soldier came down with yellow fever. In a few days the fort was a raging pesthouse, isolated from the world. Gunboats were ordered away, ships were afraid to stop. When the fort physician died Dr. Mudd volunteered his services. Day & night in a hospital where the thermometer stood at 104 he worked heroically among delirious, vomiting patients. Men died by the score and were hastily dumped on nearby Bird Key. "No more respect is shown the dead," wrote Dr. Mudd, "than to the putrid remains of a dead dog."

When the epidemic was over, grateful survivors addressed to President Andrew Johnson a fervent petition for Dr. Mudd's release. It never reached the White House. A new commanding officer sent the physician back to his dungeon, chains and labor. There he stayed until the spring of 1869 when President Johnson finally released him. Health broken and still suspect among his neighbors, Dr. Mudd tried for 14 years without success to win back his old life. In 1883, aged 50, he went out on a stormy night to attend a patient, caught pneumonia, quickly died.

On the Dry Tortugas there now lives permanently only the lighthouse crew at Loggerhead Key. The Carnegie Marine Biological Station on Loggerhead is occupied about three months of the year. During bird-breeding season a keeper or two go out to Bird Key. Fort Jefferson is a deserted ruin. The Navy took it over during the Spanish-American War, spent $800,000 on a coaling station and other improvements, abandoned it. Since then Cuban and U. S. fishermen have carried away everything of value. The moat and some of the brickwork are intact but the rest is a shambles of stripped roofs, crumbled walls, tangled beams and ironwork, Carved and scribbled everywhere are visitors' names, initials, wisecracks. This appalling ruin, a fortress which never traded shots with a single enemy, President Roosevelt last week declared a National Monument.* It was at once suggested that the monument might appropriately be left in its present state, renamed Fort Mudd.

* The National Park Service employs 93 persons to attend 67 National monuments from California's Death Valley to Washington's birthplace in Virginia.

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